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Thermal Enrichment of Stormwater by Urban Pavement

William James and Brian Verspagen (1997)
University of Guelph
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14796/JWMM.R195-08
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Abstract

Urbanization is known to increase the temperature of surface runoff during storm events and to increase the mean summer monthly temperature of receiving waters downstream (Gaili, 1990; Pluhowski, 1970). It affects the temperature of streams as follows: urban construction, comprising roads, parking lots, roofs and sewers, reduces the original forest canopy, and increases impervious areas and, thus surface runoff. Increased runoff in turn causes wider channels and more surface ponds, both of which lead to more exposure of stormwater to solar radiation, exacerbated by canopy loss. Increased imperviousness also leads to decreased infiltration and baseflow, which reduces the dilution of heated stormwater. Changes in the texture and color of the ground cover are also significant sources of thermal enrichment in an urban watershed. Elevated stream temperature is the inevitable result of these synergistic effects.

Several methods are available to control the thermal enrichment of stormwater - some infiltration approaches include: infiltration basins, infiltration trenches, seepage trenches, filter strips, grassed swales, and permeable pavement. While no single method may be sufficient, combinations of these methods may markedly reduce the impacts of urbanization on receiving waters (Marshall, 'klin, and Monaghan, 199 1; Ahmed and James, 1995).

This study is part of our continuing research (Xie and James, 1994; Thompson and James, 1995; Kresin and James, 1996. See also the web: http://www.eos.uoguelph.ca/~james/research.html#porous);this chapter covers the thermal enrichment of surface runoff from impervious asphalt and porous concrete block pavement. Part of the research was conducted in a laboratory setting on pavement samples measuring about 1 x 1 x 0.5 m. Energy for heating the laboratory pavements was provided by either the sun or a 28000 Btu propane heater, and a rainfall simulator was used to generate thermally-enriched surface runoff. Experimental procedures are detailed in a dissertation (Verspagen, 1995) and will be published separately.

For this methodology a spatial resolution of about one hundred metres, approximately the size of a parking lot, is required. At this scale, the temporal resolution is of the order of one or two minutes. Such a resolution is considered to be very fine, even when compared to modem stormwater modelling practice. We hope that this methodology will encourage designers, engineers planners of small urban areas, such as parking lots for shopping centers, to use alternative stormwater management practices, in particular pavement surfaces with environmentally-sensitive thermal characteristics.

 

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PAPER INFO

Identification

CHI ref #: R195-08 1084
Volume: 5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14796/JWMM.R195-08
Cite as: CHI JWMM 1997;R195-08

Publication History

Received: N/A
Accepted: N/A
Published: February 15, 1997

Status

# reviewers: 2
Version: Final published

Copyright

© 1997 CHI. Some rights reserved.

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Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The Journal of Water Management Modeling is an open-access (OA) publication. Open access means that articles and papers are available without barriers to all who could benefit from them. Practically speaking, all published works will be available to a worldwide audience, free, immediately on publication. As such, JWMM can be considered a Diamond, Gratis OA journal.

All papers published in the JWMM are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY).

JWMM content can be downloaded, printed, copied, distributed, and linked-to, when providing full attribution to both the author/s and JWMM.


AUTHORS

William James

University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
ORCiD:

Brian Verspagen

University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
ORCiD:


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